In general, laparoscopic procedures of the abdominal cavity necessitate endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation due to the induction of pneumoperitoneum.
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The reduction of homologous blood transfusions remains an important goal. The actual blood loss and the positive fluid balance during cardiac operations involving CPB result in a fall in the haematocrit and represent major risk factors for blood transfusions. Methods and techniques which lead to a decrease of haemodilution are important when aiming at fewer transfusions in such operations.
Continue readingHorner's syndrome or occulo-sympathetic paralysis is a disorder occurring infrequently as a complication of epidural anaesthesia. The incidence increases when epidural analgesia is used in obstetrics possibly because of physiological and anatomical changes in obstetric patients favouring spread of the local anaesthetic.
Continue readingThe following article discusses the arguments for and against animal research, emphasizing the philosophical, scientific, and social context of this controversy.
Continue readingAlthough the experience of nociceptive pain ultimately depends on interpretation by the cerebral cortex, it occurs primarily as a result of a noxious stimulus (one which when prolonged produces damage resulting in the humoral and cellular responses of inflammation) activating myelinated A-δ and unmyelinated C noci-ceptors.
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